BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED PAPERS RELATING TO MONITORING AND SAMPLING

Allen, T. F. H. and T. W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward a unified ecology. New York: Columbia University Press.

Allen, T. F. H. and T. W. Hoekstra. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Allendorf, F. W. and L. L. 2003. Introduction: Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Invasive Species. Conservation Biology 17(1):24-30.

Anderson, J., T. Kurvits, and E. Wiken. 1992. A national ecological monitoring and assessment network: the concept. Proceedings of the National Ecological Monitoring and Research Workshop, May 5-8, Toronto, Ontario. State of the Environment Reporting, Occasional Paper Series No. 1.

Barber, M. C. 1997. Environmental monitoring and assessment program indicator development strategy. Athens, GA: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratory. Report EPA/620/R-94/022.

Barrett, J. P. and L. Goldsmith. 1976. When is N sufficiently large? The American Statistician 30:67-70.

Beard, G.R., W.A. Scott, and J.K. Adamson. 1999. The value of consistent methodology in long-term environmental monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 54:239-258.

Bickford, C. A., C. E. Mayer, and K. D. Ware. 1963. An Efficient Sampling Design for Forest Inventory: The Northeastern Forest Resurvey. Jour. Forestry 61:826-833.

Blackwood, L. G. 1991. Assurance levels of standard sample size formulas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1366-1367.

Bonham, C. D. 1989. Measurements for terrestrial vegetation. John Wiley and Sons, NJ.

Booth, G. D. Monitoring data and the risks of management decisions. RWU NT-4253, Statistical Aspects of Monitoring, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.

Bourdeau, P. F. 1953. A test of random versus systematic ecological sampling. Ecology 34:499-512.

Bricker, O. P. and M. A. Ruggiero. 1998. Toward a national program for monitoring environmental resources. Ecological Applications 8:326-329.

Brussard, P. F., D. D. Murphy, and R. F. Noss. 1992. Strategy and tactics for conserving biological diversity in the United States. Conservation Biology 6:157-159.

Brydges, T. and A. Lumb. 1998. Canada's ecological monitoring and assessment network: where we are and where we are going. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51:595-603.

Caughlan, L. and K. L. Oakley. 2001. Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring. Ecological Indicators 1:123-134.

Cao, Y., D.D. Williams, and N.E. Williams. 1998. How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? Limnology and Oceanography 43:1403-1409.

Carpenter, S. R. and J. E. Chaney. 1983. Scale of spatial pattern: Four methods compared. Vegetation 53:153-160.

Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, D. Heisey, and T. K. Kratz. 1989. Randomized intervention analysis and the interpretation of whole-ecosystem experiments. Ecology 70:1142-1152.

Case, J. L., P. L. Toops, and S. V. Shabica. 1982. Reference marker-photopoint resources management system. Research/Resources Management Report SER-62; USDI: National Park Service SERO, Atlanta, Georgia. (Sampling Methods: Photo Monitoring)

Chambers, J. C. and R. W. Brown. 1983. Methods for vegetation sampling and analysis on re-vegetated mined lands. USDA, Forest service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Ogden, UT 84401; General Technical Report INT-151, October 1983.

Cherry, S. 1998. Statistical tests in publications of The Wildlife Society. Wildlife Soc. Bulletin 26:947-953.

Chornesky, E. A. and J. M. Randall. 2003 The threat of invasive alien species to biological diversity: setting a future course. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90:67-76.

Cleland, D. T., P.E. Avers, W. H. McNab, M. E. Jensen, R. G. Bailey, T. King and W. E. Russell. 1997. National hierarchical framework of ecological units In: Ecosystem Management, M. S. Boyce and A. Haney, editors. Yale University, New Haven, CT.

Conquest, L.L., S.C Ralph, and R.J. Naiman. 1994. Implementation of large-scale stream monitoring efforts: sampling design and data analysis issues. Pages 69-90 in "Biological monitoring of aquatic systems", S.L. Loeb and A. Spacie, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Cooperrider, A.Y., R. J. Boyd, and H. R. Stuart, eds. Inventory and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat. US Dept. Interior, Bur. Land Manage., Denver, CO. 858 pp. BLM/YA/PT-87/001+6600.

Crowley, P. H. 1992. Resampling methods for computer-intensive data analysis in ecology and evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:405-447.

Davis, G. E. 1989. Design of a long-term ecological monitoring program for Channel Islands National Park, California. Natural Areas Journal 9:80-89.

Davis, G. E. 1993. Design elements of monitoring programs: the necessary ingredients for success. Environ. Monitoring and Assessment 26:99-105.

Davis, G. E. 2004. National Park stewardship and 'vital signs' monitoring: a case study from Channel Islands National Park, California. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:1-19.

Debinski, D. M., and P. S. Humphrey. 1997. An integrated approach to biological diversity assessment. Natural Areas Journal 17:355-365.

Dixon, P. M., A. R. Olsen, and B. M. Kahn. 1998. Measuring trends in ecological resources. Ecological Applications 8:225-227.

Eberhardt, L.L. and J.M. Thomas. 1991. Designing environmental field studies. Ecological Monographs 61:53-73.

Eckblad, J.W. 1991. How many samples should be taken? BioScience 41:346-348.

Edwards, D. 1998. Issues and themes for natural resources trend and change detection. Ecological Applications 8:323-325.

Elzinga, C. L. and A. G. Evenden. 1997. Vegetation monitoring: an annotated bibliography. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-GTR-352.

Elzinga, Caryl L., D. W. Salzer, and J. W. Willoughby. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant populations. BLM Tech. Reference 1730-1. BLM/RS/ST-98/005+1730. Available from Bureau of Land Management, National Business Center BC-650B, PO Box 25047, Denver, CO 80225-0047.

Failing, L. and R. Gregory. 2003. Ten common mistakes in designing biodiversity indicators for forest policy. Journal of Environmental Management 68: 121-132.

Fairweather, P. B. 1991. Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring. Australian Journal Marine Freshwater Research 42:555-567.

Fausch, K.D., J. Lyons, J.R. Karr, and P.L. Angermeier. 1990. Fish communities as indicators of environmental degradation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 8:123-144.

Floyd, D. A. and J. E. Anderson. 1987. A comparison of three methods for estimating plant cover. Journal of Ecology 75:221-228.

Fowler, N. 1990. The 10 most common statistical errors. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71:161-164.

Freedman, B., C. Staicer, and N. Shackell. 1992. A framework for a national ecological monitoring program. Proceedings of the National Ecological Monitoring and Research Workshop, May 5-8, Toronto. Ontario. State of the Environment Reporting, Occasional Paper Series No. 1.

Fuller, W. A. 1999. Environmental surveys over time. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 4:331-345.

Gauch, H. G. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Gibbs, J. P., S. Droege, and P. Eagle. 1998. Monitoring populations of plants and animals. Bioscience 48:935-940.

Goldsmith, F. B. 1991. Monitoring for conservation and ecology. Chapman & Hall. ISBN #0412 356007.

Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

Greig-Smith, P. 1983. Quantitative plant ecology, 3rd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Hellawell, J.M. 1991. Development of a rationale for monitoring In: Goldsmith, F. B. editor. Monitoring for conservation and ecology. London: Chapman and Hall.

Hannaford, M.J. and V.H. Resh. 1995. Variability in macroinvertebrate rapid-bioassessment surveys and habitat assessments in a northern California stream. Jounal of the North American Benthological Society 14:430-439.

Harding, J. S., E. F. Benfield, P. V. Bolstad, G. S. Helfffian, and E. B. D. Jones, III. 1998. Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:14843-14847.

Hart, D. D. 1994. Building a stronger partnership between ecological research and biological monitoring. Jounal of the North American Benthological Society 13:110-116.

Haskell, B. D., B. G. Norton, and R. Costanza. 1992. What is ecosystem health and why should we worry about it? Pp. 3-20 in R. Costanza, B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell eds. Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Island Press, Washington, D. C.

Hemstrom, M., T. Spies, C. Palmer, R. Kiester, J. Teply, P. McDonald, and R. Warbington. 1999. Late-successional and old-growth forest effectiveness monitoring plan for the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-GTR-438.

Hinds, W. T. 1984. Towards monitoring of long-term trend in terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 11:11-18.

Hirsch, R. M., R. B. Alexander, and R. A. Smith. 1991. Selection of methods for the detection and estimation of trends in water quality. Water Resources Research 27:803-813.

Holt, D. and T. M. Smith. 1979. Post-Stratification. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 142, Part 1, 33-46.

Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54:187-211.

Jassby, A. D. 1998. Interannual variability at three inland water sites: implications for sentinel ecosystems. Ecological Applications 8:277-287.

Johnson, J. L., J. F. Franklin, and R. G. Krebill. 1984. Research natural areas: baseline monitoring and management. USFS Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- 173. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ogden UT. 84p.

Johnson, W. C., and S. P.Bratton. 1978. Biological monitoring in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves with special reference to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Biological Conservation 13:105-115.

Karlen, D.L., et al. 1997. Soil Quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:4-10.

Karr, J. R. 1987. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: A conceptual framework. Environmental Management 11:249-256.

Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long neglected aspect of water resources management. Ecological Applications 1:66-84.

Karr, J. R., P. R. Yant, K. D. Fausch, and I. J. Schlosser. 1987. Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic integrity in three midwestern streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116:1-11.

Kendall, K. C., L. H. Metzgar, D. A. Patterson, and B. M. Steele. Power of sign surveys to monitor population trends. Ecological Applications 2:422-430.

Kenkel N. C., P. Juhasy-Nagy, and J. Podani. 1989. On sampling procedures in population and community ecology. Vegetation 83:195-207.

Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper-Collins Publ. ISBN 0-06-043784-7.

Lambeck, R. J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11:849-856.

Lammert, M. and J. D. Allan. 1999. Assessing biotic integrity of streams: effects of scale in measuring the influence of land use/cover and habitat structure on fish and macroinvertebrates. Environmental Management 23:257-270.

Landres, P. B., J. Verner, and J. W. Thomas. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2:316-326.

Lesica, P. 1987. A technique for monitoring nonrhizomatous perennial plant species in permanent belt transects. Natural Areas Journal 7:65-68.

Lesica, P. and B. M. Steele. 1997. Use of permanent plots in monitoring plant populations. Natural Areas Journal 17:331-337.

Likens, G. 1992. An ecosystem approach: its use and abuse. Excellence in ecology, book 3. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany.

Link, W. A., and J. R. Sauer. 1998. Estimating population change from count data: application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Ecological Applications 8:258-268.

Lint, J., B. Noon, R. Anthony, E. Forsman, M. Raphael, M. Collopy, and E. Starkey. 1999. Northern Spotted Owl effectiveness monitoring plan for the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-GTR-440.

Ludwig, J. A. and J. F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

MacDonald, L.H. 1991. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of Forestry Activities on Streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.. Environmental Protection Agency Report 910/9-91-001. 166 p. Seattle, Washington

MacDonald, L., A. Smart, and R. Wissmar. 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/910/9-91-001. pp. 6-8, 14-22, 22-35.

Maddox, D., K. Poiani, and R. Unnasch. 1999. Evaluating management success: Using ecological models to ask the right monitoring quesitons. In: Ecological Stewardship. A common reference for ecosystem management. Vol. III. W. T. Sexton, A. J. Malk, R. C. Szaro, and N. C. Johnson, editors. Elsevier Science.

Magnuson, J. J. 1990. Long-term ecological research and the invisible present. BioScience 40:495-501.

Manly, B. F. 1992. The design and analysis of research studies. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY.

Mapstone, B. D. 1995. Scalable decision rules for environmental impact studies: Effect size, Type I, and Type II errors. Ecological Applications 5:401-410.

McCullough, D.A. and F. A Espinosa, Jr. 1996. A monitoring strategy for application to salmon-bearing watersheds. Technical Report 96-5, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 729 N.E. Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232.

McDonald, T. L. 2003. Review of environmental monitoring methods: survey designs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85: 277-292.

Menges, E. S. 1986. Predicting the future of rare plant populations: Demographic monitoring and modeling. Natural Areas Journal 6:13-25.

Menges, E. S. 1990. Population viability analysis for an endangered plant. Conservation Biology 4:52-62.

Menges, E. S. and S. C. Gawler. 1986. Four-year changes in population size of the endemic furbish's lousewort: Implications for endangerment and management. Natural Areas Journal 6:6-17.

Menges, E. S., and D. R. Gordon. 1996. Three levels of monitoring intensity for rare plant species. Natural Areas Journal 16:227-237.

Millard, S. P., J. R. Yearsley, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 1985. Space-time correlation and its effect on methods for detecting aquatic ecological change. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42:1391-1400.

Mills, L. S., M. E. Soule, D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43:219-224.

Morrison, M. L. 1997. Experimental design for plant removal and restoration. in J. O. Luken and J. W. Thieret editors. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. SpringerVerlag, New York.

Morrison, M. L., and B. G. Marcot. 1995. An evaluation of the resource inventory and monitoring program used in National Forest planning. Environmental Management 19:147-156.

Mosley, J. C. 1989. Quadrat and sample sizes for frequency sampling mountain meadow vegetation. Great Basin Naturalist 49:241-248.

Mulder, B. S., B. R. Noon, T. A. Spies, M. G. Raphael, C. J. Palmer, A. R. Olsen, G. H. Reeves, and H. H. Welsh. 1999. The stragegy and design of the effectiveness monitoring program for the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, GTR PNW-GTR-437. 138 pp.

Murphy, D. D. and S. B. Weiss. 1988. A long-term monitoring plan for a threatened butterfly. Conservation Biology 2:367-374.

National Research Council. 1994a. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Forests and Estuaries. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

National Research Council. 1994b. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Surface Waters. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C..

National Research Council. 1995. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Overall Evaluation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 2000. Ecological indicators for the nation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Noon B. R. 2003. Conceptual issues in monitoring ecological resources. In: Busch, D.E. and J. C. Trexler editors. Monitoring ecosystems: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating eco-regional initiatives. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Noss, R. F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4:355-364.

Nusser, S. M., F. J. Breidt, and W. A. Fuller. 1998. Design and estimation for investigating the dynamics of natural resources. Ecological Applications 8:234-245.

Oakley, K. L., L. P. Thomas and S. G. Fancy. 2003. Guidlines for long-term monitoring protocols. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 1000-1002.

Olsen, A. R., J. Sedransk, D. Edwards, C. A. Gotway, W. Liggett, S. Rathbun, K. H. Reckhow, and J. L. Wong. 1999. Statistical issues for monitoring ecological and natural resources in the United States. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54:1-45.

Olsen, T., B. P. Hayden, A. M. Ellison, G. W. Oehlert, and S, R. Esterby. 1997. Ecological resource monitoring: change and trend detection workshop report. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 78:11-13.

Overton, W. S., White, D., and Stevens Jr., D. L. 1990. Design Report for EMAP. Environmental Monitoring Assessment Program. EPA/600/3-91/053, May 1990.

Overton, W. S., and Stehman, S. V. 1994. Variance Estimation in the EMAP Strategy for Sampling Discrete Ecological Resources. Environ. and Ecological Stat. 1:133-152.

Overton, W. S., and S. V. Stehman. 1995. The Hortvitz-Thompson Theorem as a Unifying Perspective for Probability Sampling: With Examples from Natural Resource Sampling. The Amer. Statistician 49:261-268.

Overton, W. S., and S. V. Stehman. 1996. Desirable Design Characteristics for long-term Monitoring of Ecological Variables. Environ. and Ecological Stat. 3:349-361.

Palmer, C. J. 2003. Approaches to quality assurance and information management for regional ecological monitoring programs. In: Busch, D.E. and J. C. Trexler editors. Monitoring ecosystems: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating eco-regional initiatives. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Palmer, M. W. 1995. How should one count species? Natural Areas Journal 15:124-135.

Peterson, D. L., D. G. Silsbee, and D. L. Schmoldt. 1995. A planning approach for developing inventory and monitoring programs in national parks. NPS Natural Resources Rept. NPS/NRUW/NRR-95/16.

Philippi, T. E., P. M. Dixon, and B. E. Taylor. 1998. Detecting trends in species composition. Ecological Applications 8:300-308.

Pickart, A. J. The evolution of a rare plant monitoring program: a case study at the Lanphere-Christensen Dunes Preserve. Natural Areas Journal 11:187-189.

Platts, W. S., et al. 1987. Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-221. pp. 1-17.

Power, M. E., D. Tillman, J. A. Estes, B. A. Mange, W. J. Bond, L. S. Mills, G. Daily, J. C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R. T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46:609-620.Pickart, A. 1994. The importance of selecting a sampling model before data collection: An example using the endangered Humboldt milk-vetch (Astragalus agnicidus Barneby). Natural Areas Journal 14:90-98.

Probst, J. R. and T. R. Crow. 1991. Integrating biological diversity and resource management. Journal of Forestry 89:12-17.

Ramos, C. 1996. Quantification of Stream Channel Morphological Features: recommended procedures for use in watershed analysis and TFW ambient monitoring. Timber Fish and Wildlife Report TFW-AM9-96-006. 89p.

Rapport, D., R. Costanza, P. R. Epstein, C. Gaudet, and R. Levins. 1998. Ecosystem Health. 372pp. Blackwell Science.

Ratti, J. T. and E. O. Garton. 1994. Research and experimental design. Pages 1-23 In: T. A. Bookhout, ed. Research and Management Techniques for wildlife and habitats. Fifth ed. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD. 740pp.

Ringold, P., J. Alegria, R. Czaplewski, B. Mulder, T. Tolle, and K. Burnett. 1997. Adaptive monitoring design for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications 6:745-747.

Ringvall, A., and G. Stahl. 1999. Field aspects of line intersect sampling for assessing coarse woody debris. Forest Ecology and Management 119:163-170.

Rogers, G. F., H. E. Malde, and R. M. Turner. 1984. Bibliography of Repeat Photography for Evaluating Landscape Change. University of Utah Press.

Schemske, D. W., et al. 1994. Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology 75:584-606.

Scott, C. T. 1998. Sampling methods for estimating change in forest resources. Ecological Applications 8:228-233.

Silsbee, D. G., and D. L. Peterson. 1991. Designing and implementing comprehensive long term inventory and monitoring programs for national park system lands. Natural Resources Report NPS/NRUW/NRR-91/04. USDI National Park Service, Denver CO. 13p.

Silsbee, D. G. And D. L. Peterson. 1993. Planning for implementation of long-term resource monitoring programs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 26:177-185.

Skalski, J. R. 1990. A Design for Long-term Status and Trend Monitoring. J. Environ. Manage. 30:139-144.

Smith, E. P. 1994. Biological monitoring: statistical issues and models. P. 243-261 In: G. P. Patil and C. R. Rao, eds. Handbook of Statistics, Vol. 12. Elsevier Science.

Smith, S. D., S. C. Bunting, and M. Hironaka. 1986. Sensitivity of frequency plots for detecting vegetation change. Northwest Science 60:279-286.

Spellerberg, I. F. 1991. Monitoring ecological change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Press.

Stacey, P. B. and M. Taper. 1992. Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations. Ecological Applications 2:18-29.

Stevens, D. L., Jr. 1994. Implementation of a National Monitoring Program. J. Environ. Manage. 42:1-29.

Stewart-Oaten, A., W. W. Murdoch, and K. Parker. 1986. Environmental impact assessment: "pseudoreplication" in time? Ecology 67:929-940.

Stoddard, J. L., C. T. Driscoll, J. S. Kahl, and J. H. Kellogg. 1998. Can site-specific trends be extrapolated to a region? An acidification example for the northeast. Ecological Applications 8:288-299.

Stow, C. A., S. R. Carpenter, K. E. Webster, and T. M. Frost. 1998. Long-term environmental monitoring: some perspectives from lakes. Ecological Applications 8:269-276.

Swetnam, T. W., C. D. Allen and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future. Ecological Applications 9:1189-1206.

Taylor, B. L. and T. Gerrodette. 1992. The uses of statistical power in conservation biology: the vaquita and northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 7:489-500.

Thompson, W. L., G. C. White, and C. Gowan. 1998. Monitoring vertebrate populations. Academic Press: New York.

Todd, J. E. 1982. Recording changes: Field guide to establishing and maintaining permanent camera points. R6-10-095-1982 USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.

Travis, J. and R. Sutter. 1986. Experimental designs and statistical methods for demographic studies of rare plants. Natural Areas Journal 6:3-12.

Treshow, M. and J. Allan. 1985. Uncertainties associated with the assessment of vegetation. Environmental Management 9:471-478.

Turner, R. M. 1990. Long-term vegetation change at a fully protected Sonoran desert site. Ecology 71:464-477.

Turner, D. L. Estimates without measures of precision are unacceptable; RWU INT-4253, Statistical Aspects of Monitoring, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.

Urquhart, N. S., W. S. Overton, and D. S. Birkes. 1993. Comparing Sampling Designs for Monitoring Ecological Status and Trends: Impact of Temporal Patterns. P. 71-85 In: V. Barnett and K. F. Turkman eds. Statistics for the Environment. John Wiley and sons, Ltd.

Urquhart, N. S., S. G. Paulsen, and D. P. Larsen. 1998. Monitoring for policy-relevant regional trends over time. Ecological Applications 8:246-257.

Urquhart, N. S., and T. M. Kincaid. 1999. Designs for detecting trend from repeated surveys of ecological resources. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics 4:404-414.

Vaughan, H. H. 1995. Monitoring for ecological assessment of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. North American Workshop on Monitoring for Ecological Assessment of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems, Mexico City, September 1995. pp. 189-193

Welsh, H., and L. Ollivier. 1998. Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: a case study from California's redwoods. Ecological Applications 8:1118-1132.

White, P. S. and S. P. Bratton 1991. Monitoring vegetation and rare plant populations in U.S. National Parks and preserves. P. 265-278 in: H. Synge, ed. The biological aspects of rare plant conservation. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Whysong, G. L. and W. W. Brady. 1987. Frequency, sampling and type II errors. Journal of Range Management 40:475-479.

Whysong, G. L. and W. Miller. 1987. An evaluation of random and systematic plot placement for estimating frequency. Journal of Range Management 40:475-479.

Yoccoz, N. G. 1991. Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Commentary in Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 72:106-111.

Yoccoz, N. G., J. D. Nichols, and T. Boulinier. 2001. Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 446-453.

Zedler, P. H. K. Guehlstorff, C. Scheiddlinger, and C. R. Gautier. 1983. The population ecology of a dune thistle Cirsium rhothophilum (asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 70: 1516-1527.

Zimmerman, G. M., H. Goetz, and P. W. Mielke, Jr. 1985. Use of an improved statistical method for group comparisons to study effects of prairie fire. Ecology 66:606-611.



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